SMU Professor of Psychology David Chan, Director of the SMU Behavioural Sciences Institute, commented on a survey which found that Singaporeans and permanent residents perceive the Singapore society as kiasu, competitive, self-centred and elitist. Prof Chan said that the list of choices left out values that other surveys have shown Singaporeans identify with, such as multi-culturalism, multi-religionism, meritocracy, pragmatism and rule of law.